Naming Notes The Seven Letters – The seven letters representing the tones used in music are the only letters in the English alphabet...
Naming Notes
The Seven Letters
– The seven letters representing the tones
used in music are the only letters in the English alphabet used in
naming musical notes; A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Sometimes the designations
are referred to as the spelling of the note. There are some
variations especially when the note has to be altered to “fit” into a
scale system or better still, to act as a relevant and pleasing note
within a specified series of notes.
The Staff – Note Placement
Note Placement – Note placement, on the other hand is where we put the notes on the five-line four-space staff. This is the primary factor in naming notes.
Notes
are placed on either a line or in a space of the musical staff. Each
line and each space has a designated name. When a note is placed in a
specific location on the staff it assumes the name of the line or space
on which the note is placed. There are other symbols used in music
notation that change that rule and we will discuss these later in this
same article.

The
chart above shows a portion of the piano staff which includes both the
treble and bass clef staves and their respective symbols. The vertical
lines, in the middle and to the right, delineate one measure from the
next, so two measures are shown in the chart. This piano staff layout
also includes a vertical line which ties the G-clef and F-clef staves
together. It is the line on the left of the chart above.
The
piano staff is a basic staff structure which we will be taking parts of
to show specific tools used in music notation. Since some of you are
familiar with the treble clef and others are familiar with the bass
clef, we will present information from the overall concepts within music
theory on each staff making it more user friendly for both. This
presentation can be used as a foundation for extending your learning
about both staves and their related line and space names.
Treble Clef and Bass Clef Line & Space Names
I
do not feel the need to change the conventions commonly associated to
the names of the lines or spaces as they have historically taught to
many who have come before which makes it easy to remember them. Here are
those conventions.
Treble & Bass Clef Line and Space NamesTreble Clef LinesEGBDF = Every Good Boy Does Fine.Bass Clef LinesGBDFA = Good Boys Do Fine AlwaysTreble Clef SpacesFACE = Spells the word faceBass Clef SpacesACEG = All Cows Eat Grass
You
are free to make up your own or to use the conventional acronyms as
described above. Use whatever method will help you to remember them.
Notes on the Lines
– To clarify this better, the following two graphics show the note
names associated to the lines and the spaces of the G-clef and F-clef
staves. I have also prepared an mp3 of these notes and the highlighted
mp3 link is shown for each set of notes and labeled as such.
The violin is playing the notes on the treble clef and the cello is playing the notes on the bass clef.
G-Clef Lines
F-Clef Lines
The
chart and the sound samples above demonstrate all of the note names
based upon their placement on either the G-clef or F-clef staff. What is
nice about this is that all of the line and note names are always the
same. They never change unless you use a different staff such as the
C-clef staff, for example. Since most music is written on these two
staves it is important to learn them, so once you do you will be pretty
much set.
One additional comment –
Depending upon which instrument is playing these notes they will sound
similar in the basic sense, however, they will also sound somewhat
different. The reason for the differences is each instrument is unique
and it can be made from different materials, different quality of
materials, is a different size, has different string tensions, etc.
Consequently, each has a different character or creates and emanates
different sound qualities.
G-Clef Spaces

F-Clef Spaces
Spaces and Note Names – The same holds true for notes placed on the spaces of the staff as shown above.
Together
these two charts include all of the natural note names for the lines
and spaces as commonly used in music as well as graphically showing
where the notes are actually placed on the staff. Hopefully the mp3’s
help you with the associated sound. I suppose inadvertently we have
started a bit of ear training by presenting the information in this way.
All of the natural notes and their related line or space are named on both the treble and bass clef staves.
Three Octave Span
– We can look beyond the five-line four-space staff by using ledger
lines. The next two graphic displays include note names spanning
three-octaves. You may want to make a mental note of the note names that
are on the ledger lines and those in the spaces between them. I would
recommend learning the note names for up to a minimum of three ledger
lines above and three below to start.
Without
any other mechanism to alter their locations on the staff, one can see
that it might become a bit difficult to read note values written way up
high and way down low, especially to the extremes possible.
For
our next example, we have made a G-clef chart showing the three ledger
lines both above and below the five-line four-space standard staff.
For
this next example, notice how it can become very difficult to quickly
name the notes for notes for those placed either on a line or on a space
when there are so many ledger lines as seen on the left of the chart
below. Again, three octaves are shown.
The
notes shown in the two charts above are not inclusive of all of the
notes available for either staff, however the majority of music is
written in the three octaves shown above. Higher and lower notes are
available but only on certain instruments which will be explained in
later posts. The intent is to demonstrate the note names only spanning
three octaves on each staff and to demonstrate the difficulty of reading
music on a staff with many ledger lines.
Altering Note Frequencies – Octave Marks
For
this very reason, other notation marks were adopted which alter a
note’s playing range or the octave in which the performer is to play it
in. The octave marks makes it much easier for the performers to
read the music at the same time especially when music is written so far
above or below the staff.
Rather than raising or lowering a notes value by a half step or more, as the accidentals cause or directs, the octave marks
tell the performer to play them either an octave above, an octave
below, two octaves higher or two octaves lower than as notated on the
staff. The note name remains the same however the note’s frequency
value is changed as a consequence of using these octave markings. We
just move up or move down one or two octaves depending on the mark’s
instructions which we will demonstrate below.
The
octave marks shown immediately below are used to change the notes
frequency value in this case one octave above where it is notated on the
staff. The following four graphics show the main octave marks used in
music notation, the Ottava Bassa and the Quindicesima and their respective variations.
The
Ottava Bassa symbol is used to raise the notes value an octave above
its location on the staff and it is shown immediately below.

C – Up One Octave
Ottava Bassa – va
– In the above graphic, in the first and second measure, we have tied
together two whole notes placed on the staff as C notes. Above these two
measures is the octave marking, ottava bassa – va (shown in red),
directing the performer to play this note one octave higher than as
notated. The consequence of this direction alters its frequency but not
its note name. The performer would play these notes as shown in the
second two measures, one octave higher than as shown in the first two
measures when using the ottava bassa va marking.
The sound clip provides an aural example of the effect of using the ottava bassa va symbol.
It is important to take note of the actual design of this marking in so far as there multiple parts to it. First, the number 8 is used to designate eight notes and the va
letters tell you to raise the notes frequency, so you play the
designated note, eight notes or one octave higher than shown on the
staff.
Secondly, a dotted line
carried to the end of the passage and one short vertical line at its end
pointing downward is used to instruct the performer how long to play at
this octave level and where to stop the instruction. Generally, if
only one note is required to be played one octave higher only the number
8 or the 8av is used otherwise it is required to use
the dashed and vertical lines as shown. This general design holds true
for most of the octave markings, however there are subtle and important
differences so we are showing them separately.
Ottava Bassa – vb
– In the chart below, the second ottava bassa is shown. Again, we have
tied together two whole notes placed on the staff as C notes. Below the
staff of the first two measures is the octave marking ottava bassa vb
directing the performer to play this note an octave lower than as
notated. The consequence of this direction is to play the note at the
location shown in the second set of two measures. In this case, one
octave below.
C – Down One Octave
Graphically, three differences exist between the ottava bassa va and vb symbols. The ottava bassa va, placed above the staff, and ottava bassa vb, placed below the staff. The second difference is in the designation va versus vb. The third difference is in the direction of the vertical line at the end of the dotted line. One points upward, ottava bassa vb and the other is pointing downward, the ottava bassa va.
The ottava vb is shown above to aide in your understanding of these two
symbols. The common use of the number 8 is used to designate the
raising or lowering of the note or notes by one octave.
Quindicesima
– In the next chart, we are using a different starting note value in
the display. We have tied together two whole notes placed on the staff
one octave lower than the previous two examples and again, it is a C
note.
Above the staff of the first
two measures, again shown in red, is the new symbol for directing the
performer to play the note two octaves higher than as notated on the
staff. The consequence of this direction is to play the note at the
location shown in the second set of two measures, two octaves above.
Here is the marking and the audio file clip for the quindicesima ma.
C – Up Two Octaves

C – Down Two Octaves

Graphically, three differences exist that are similar to the ottava bassa where the first difference is where the quindicesima ma is placed above the staff and quindicesima mb is placed below the staff. The second difference is the direction of the vertical line as one points upward, quindicesima ma and the other is pointing downward for the quindicesima mb. Finally and somewhat redundantly, the designations of ma versus mb
complete the differences between these two symbols. An audio sample is
provided to assist you in expanding your internal awareness of the
symbols.
Just as a reminder, these octave symbols, the ottava bassa and the quindicesima, do not alter the note name but they alter the frequency value by changing which octave the note is to be performed in.
Altering Note Names – Variations Using Accidentals
As
one would guess it is not always that easy and variation and exception
are often the “norms” within music, however, conventions rule the
majority of the time.
Note names can
be altered and in music notation there are some additional markings used
to alter a given note’s name making it necessary to learn about the
symbols that perform this function. This is especially true when
learning about the various scales available to a composer and for
constructing chords and chord progressions throughout the various
musical keys used in music. The term used to describe the collection of
note altering markings are called Accidentals.
Due
to the nature of this series of articles we will be limiting most of
this part of the presentation about accidentals to the five primary
accidentals used in music notation.
Further,
rather than explain two specific applications of their usage in
this article we have included it within this series and it is called Accidental Applications.
Here
we will be informing you about them by showing their respective symbols
with a brief descriptive explanation of each symbol.
Accidentals
Accidental
symbols are used to alter the notes name. The main accidentals used in
music notation are; the natural, sharp, flat, double flat and the double
sharp symbols. The accidental symbol is placed to the left of the
applicable note shape. Below is a graphic of each of the three most
commonly used accidentals found when reading notated music.
Immediately
below each graphic is a short sound clip representing the sound of the
natural note and the altered note. The first note of each sound clip is
the natural C note followed by alternating notes, natural note, altered
note ,natural note altered note, each reflecting the effect of the use
of the designated accidental. There are five notes in each audio clip.
You
can also compare two or more of the sound clips by playing each, either
consecutively or varying from one to another so you can get an idea as
to what affect each symbol has on the notes sound.
C Natural

C – Natural
– Typically, a natural note is not designated by a specific symbol as
was shown earlier in this article. There are cases when it is important
to use the natural symbol, however this symbol does not alter its
natural note value or the sound produced by any instrument playing it.
C Sharp

C Flat

Two More Accidentals
Other
symbols are used to alter the natural notes more than one half step.
The next two accidentals are also important to know and both are used in
music notation as well. These are shown below; the double sharp and the double flat.
C Double Sharp

C Double Flat

It
is important to know and understand that all symbols used in music
notation provide specific instructions from the composer to the
conductor, performers and those who enjoy reading music. These
instructions are primarily designed to direct the performer to play in a
certain way or to play a certain note different from the natural note
as in the case of those notes marked with the accidental symbols.
Conclusion of Part 11
This
concludes part eleven of The Tonal System – Scales in Music. Note
identification is an important aspect of the foundation of music
notation. It is necessary to gain the understanding of these tools and
concepts. Current and future articles will touch upon the majority of
the concepts in music theory. We will be discussing the musical rest in
Part 12 of this article series.
When
thinking about learning, I believe the brain learns fast. One simple
concept can be built upon incrementally or in a manner so as to make the
more advanced concepts “fit” into a much bigger picture. This helps a
student to learn the value and importance of the advanced concepts in a
basic sense and at the same time opens the channel within their thinking
about them.
Lastly, we strongly suggest that you continue your study of note identification by reviewing our article titled “The Musical Note”
as it covers additional features of note shapes, noteheads, note flags,
tying them together and additional material to complete your study of
them.